Terra Preta and Biochar History

• Baskin, Y. (2006, April). Notes from the 2006 AAAS Annual Meeting. Bioscience, 56(4), 368. Retrieved from http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[368:NFTAAM]2.0.CO;2 (PDF)
• Bush, M. B., & Silman, M. R. (2007). Amazonian exploitation revisited: ecological asymmetry and the policy pendulum. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(9), 457-465. doi: 10.1890/070018 .
• German, L. A. (2003). Historical contingencies in the coevolution of environment and livelihood: contributions to the debate on Amazonian Black Earth. Geoderma, 111(3-4), 307-331. Retrieved from http://www.soils.wisc.edu/soils/courses/875/14Exemplary%28A%29.pdf. 
• Lima, H. N., Schaefer, C. E. R., Mello, J. W. V., Gilkes, R. J., & Ker, J. C. (2002). Pedogenesis and pre-Colombian land use of “Terra Preta Anthrosols” (“indian black earth”) of Western Amazonia. Geoderma , 110, 1-17.
• Mann, C. (2002). Agriculture: the real dirt on rainforest fertility. Science, 297(5583). Retrieved from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;297/5583/920.

Pyrolysis and Biochar Production

• Demirbas, A. (2001). Carbonization ranking of selected biomass for charcoal, liquid and gaseous products. Energy Conversion and Management, 42(10), 1229-1238. doi: 10.1016/S0196-8904(00)00110-2.
• Haefele, S. M. (2007). Black soil, green rice. RiceToday, 6(2), 27. Retrieved from http://www.irri.org/publications/today/pdfs/6-2/26-27.pdf.
• Hawkins, B. (2007). Influence of Pyrolysis Conditions on Char Properties . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.
• Steiner, C. (2006, November 26). Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn . Universitat Bayreuth. Retrieved from http://www.biochar.org/joomla/images/stories/SteinerPhDSummary.pdf.

Biochar Studies

• Chan, K. Y., van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downing, A., & Joseph, S. (2007). Assessing the Agronomic Values of Contrasting Char Materials on an Australian Hard Setting Soil . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.
• Cheng, C., Lehmann, J., & Engelhard, M. (2008). Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 1598–1610. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.01.010.
• Gaskin, J. W., Speir, A., Morris, L. M., Ogden, L., Harris, K., Lee, D., et al. (2007). Potential for pyrolysis char to affect soil moisture and nutrient status of a loamy sand soil. In Proceedings of the 2007 Georgia Water Resources Conference. University of Georgia.
• Glaser, B., Lehmann, J., & Zech, W. (2002). Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal a review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35(4), 219-230. Retrieved from http://www.eprida.com/hydro/ecoss/background/Glaser%20et%20al%20(2002)%20BFS.pdf.
• Laird, D. A. (2008). The Charcoal Vision: A Win Win Win Scenario for Simultaneously Producing Bioenergy, Permanently Sequestering Carbon, while Improving Soil and Water Quality. Agron J, 100(1), 178-181. Retrieved from http://agron.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/agrojnl;100/1/178. (Link Broken) 
• Lehmann, J. (2007). Bio-energy in the black. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5(7), 381-387. Retrieved from http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/FrontiersEcolEnv%205,%20381-378,%202007%20Lehmann.pdf.
• Lehmann, J., Cheng, C. H., Nyugen, B., Liang, B., & Smernik, R. (2007). Permanency and Long-Term Changes of Bio-Char in Soil . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.
• O'Neill, B., Grossman, J. M., Tsai, S. M., Lehmann, J., & Theis, J. E. (2007). Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Amazonian Dark Earths through  Community-Level Molecular Analysis and Identifying Dominant Species in Soils from the Eastern and Central Amazon . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia: International Agrichar Initiative.
• Ogawa, M., Okimori, Y., & Takahashi, F. (2006). Carbon sequestration by carbonization of biomass and forestation: three case studies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11(2), 421―436. doi: 10.1007/s11027-005-9007-4.
• Overend, R. P., & Milbrandt, A. Tackling Climate Change in the U.S. - Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Biomass by 2030. 
• Skjemstad, J. O., Reicosky, D. C., Wilts, A. R., & McGowan, J. A. (2002). Charcoal Carbon in U.S. Agricultural Soils . Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 1249-1255. 
• Steiner, C., Teixeira, W., Lehmann, J., Nehls, T., de Macêdo, J., Blum, W., et al. (2007). Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1), 275-290. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9193-9.
• Woolf, D. (2008, January). Biochar as a soil amendment: A review of the environmental implications. Retrieved from http://www.orgprints.org/13268/1/Biochar_as_a_soil_amendment_-_a_review.pdf 
• Yoshizawa, S., Tanaka, S., & Omori, T. (2007). Preservation of Woods in Forest Acid Soil by Addition of Biomass Charcoal . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.

Biochar Properties

• Biochar Characterization: http://cees.colorado.edu/biochar_characterization.html
• Antal, M., & Gronli, M. (2003). The Art, Science, and Technology of Charcoal Production. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 42(8), 1619-1640. Retrieved from www.forestry.vt.edu/charcoal/documents/Antal 2003.pdf
• Cohen-Ofri, I., Popovitz-Biro, S., & Weiner, S. Characterization of natural charcoal structure and degradation using high resolution TEM and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS). Retrieved from http://materials.technion.ac.il/ism/Docs/2006/Cohen-Ofri-Margulis-ORAL.pdf. 
• Franklin, R. (1951). Crystallite Growth in Graphitizing and Non-Graphitizing Carbons. Articles. Retrieved July 31, 2008, from http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/KR/B/B/F/Y/.
• Harris, P. J. F. On Charcoal. . Retrieved from http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/Charcoal.htm.

Advanced Combustion Research at Stanford University's Global Climate and Energy Project,:  "Coal and Biomass Reactivity" http://gcep.stanford.edu/research/factsheets/char_reactivity.html

Cation Exchange Capacity and Nutrient Retention

• About Humic Substances. NEU Humic Acid Research Group. Retrieved from http://www.hagroup.neu.edu/aboutha.htm
• Adriana, D., Zwieten, L. V., Doughty, W., & Joseph, S. (2007). Nutrient Retention Characteristics of Chars and the Agronomic Implications . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.
• Base Saturation Basics. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/field/news/croptalk/2004/ct_0604a11.htm. 
• Bingman, C. (1996, May 31). Humus, humic acid and natural chelating agents. Retrieved from http://www.thekrib.com/Chemistry/humic.html.
• Humic Substances Seminar V. (2001, March 23).NEU Humic Acid Research Group. Retrieved from http://www.hagroup.neu.edu/linksfrm.htm.
• Ketterings, Q., Reid, S., & Rao, R. (2007). Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). Cornell University Cooperative Extension. Retrieved from nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/publications/factsheets/factsheet22.pdf  
• Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O'Neill, B., et al. (2006). Black Carbon Increases Cation Exchange Capacity in Soils. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 70(5), 1719-1730. Retrieved from http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/SoilSciSocAmJ%2070,%201719-1730,%202006%20Liang.pdf. 
• Nutrient Cycling. Retrieved from http://southcenters.osu.edu/soil/n_cycle.htm.
• Weber, J. Connection of humic substances with mineral fraction. . Retrieved from http://www.ar.wroc.pl/~weber/kombi2.htm.
• Weber, J. Properties of humic substances. . Retrieved from http://www.ar.wroc.pl/~weber/kwasy2.htm.

Biochar and Soil Microbiology

• Warnock, D. D., Lehmann, J., Kuyper, T. W., & Rillig, M. C. (2007). Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil ― concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil, 300, 9―20. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9391-5.
• USDA/Agricultural Research Service. (2008, July 2). Glomalin Is Key To Locking Up Soil Carbon. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080629075404.htm.
• Yoshizawa, S., Tanaka, S., Ohata, M., & Mineki, S. (2007, April 30). Proliferation effect of aerobic microorganisms during composting of rice bran by addition of biomass charcoal. Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia . Retrieved from http://www.biochar-international.org/images/Yoshizawa_-_Charcoal_Composting_of_Rice_Bran_Effect_on_Microorganisms.pdf. 

Soil Properties

• Batjes, N. H. (2006). ISRIC-WISE  derived soil properties on a 5 by 5 arcminutes global grid (ver. 1.1), ISRIC - World Soil Information. Wageningen. Retrieved from http://www.isric.org.
• Birkeland, P. (1999). Soils and Geomorphology  (3rd ed., p. 448 p.). Oxford University Press.
• NSSH Part 618 | NRCS Soils. .USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved from http://soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part618.html#43.

Biochar Recalcitrance and Global Carbon Pools

• Cole, C. V., Paustian, K., Elliott, E. T., Metherell, A. K., Ojima, D. S., & Parton, W. J. (1993). Analysis of agroecosystem carbon pools. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 70(1), 357-371. doi: 10.1007/BF01105007.
• Davidson, E. A., & Janssens, I. A. (2006). Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change. Nature, 440(7081), 165-173. doi: 10.1038/nature04514.
• Fowles, M. (2007). Black carbon sequestration as an alternative to bioenergy. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(6), 426-432. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.01.012.
• Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2004. (2006). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/06_Complete_Report.pdf
  
• Lehmann, J., Gaunt, J., & Marco, R. (2006). Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems – a review . Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 11, 403–427. doi: 10.1007/s11027-005-9006-5 .
• Malhi, Baldocchi, & Jarvis. (1999). The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forests. Plant, Cell & Environment, 22(6).
• Preston, C. M., & Schmidt, M. W. I. (2006). Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences, 3(4), 397-420. Retrieved from http://www.biogeosciences.net/3/397/2006/.
• Rice, C. W. (2002, January). Geotimes - January 2002 - Carbon in Soil. Geotimes. Retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www.agiweb.org/geotimes/jan02/feature_carbon.html.
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 Biochar and Agroecosystems 

• Illinois Native Plant Guide - Root Systems | Illinois NRCS. . Retrieved from http://www.il.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/plants/npg/NPG-rootsystems.html.
• Tillman, D., Jason, H., & Lehman, C. (2006). Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass. Science, 314, 1598-1600. doi: 10.1126/science.1133306.
• Thomas, M. G., & Schumann, D. R. (1993). Income Opportunities in Special Forest Products-Self-Help Suggestions for Rural Entrepreneurs. . U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/usda/agib666/agib666.htm.