Initial Graph of Interactions Between Biochar, Plants, and Soil which should be extended with new research

Dot File used to create the graph

International Biochar Initiative: Bibliography

Biochar and Soil Relationships

Abbreviations:

• BC – Black Carbon (black carbon is used to refer to charcoal and soot in geological literature)
• CEC – Cation Exchange Capacity
• AEC – Anion Exchange Capacity
• OM – Organic Matter
• | - given condition

BC Persistence ≠ Unchanged (the following were unfortunately not cited)

Incubation = ↑BC Oxidation

↑BC Oxidation = ↑BC CEC

↑Temperature = ↑OM Oxidation

↑Moisture =(?) ↑OM Oxidation

Fine Textured Soil =(?) ↓BC Oxidation (“aggregate protection”)

↑BC Oxidation = ↑ %O & %H relative to C

↑BC Oxidation = ↑ O-Containing Functional Groups

↑BC Environmental Exposure = ↑ BC Oxidation

Surface Oxidation > Interior Oxidation

↑BC Oxidation = ↓BC AEC (towards/to 0)

Adsorption of non-BC (eg Humic Acid) effect < Oxidation of BC

Temp Effect > Time Effect on Oxidation

 Low Temp Char  =(?) ↑Oxidation Rate

Small Biochar Particle Size = ↑Oxidation = Faster CO2 Conv. (Lehmann, 2007)

↑Biochar Pyrolysis Temp = ↑Biochar Potential CEC (pH 7) (Lehmann, 2007)

↑Biochar Pyrolysis Temp = ↑Fresh Biochar pH (Lehmann, 2007)

↑Biochar Pyrolysis Temp = ↑Fresh Biochar Surface Area (Lehmann, 2007)

↑Biochar Pyrolysis Temp = ↓Carbon Yield (Lehmann, 2007)

Optimum Temp Prob. 450-550°C (Lehmann, 2007)

Soil Base Saturation ∝ pH (Birkeland, 1999, p. 19)

↑Soil Biochar = ↑Soil Water Retention | Sandy Soil (Shuji Yoshizawa, Satoko Tanaka, Ohata, & Mineki, 2007)

↑Soil Biochar = ↑Soil Air Permeability | Clay Soil (Shuji Yoshizawa, Satoko Tanaka, Ohata, & Mineki, 2007)

↑Soil Biochar = ↑Soil Air Storage Ability | Clay Soil (Shuji Yoshizawa, Satoko Tanaka, Ohata, & Mineki, 2007)

↑↑Soil Biochar = ↑Moisture Holding Capacity | Tifton Loamy Sand (Gaskin et al., 2007)

Soil Phosphate Transport = few mm/yr | Most Soils (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↑ Soil Buffering Capacity = ↑ Resistance to pH Change (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↑ Soil CEC = ↑ Soil Buffering Capacity (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↓ Soil pH = ↑ Soil Trace Metal (e.g. Fe, Zn, Mn) Availability (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↑Soil pH = ↑ Soil Mg Availability (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↑Soil pH = ↑ Soil Mo Availability (“Nutrient Cycling”)

(6.3 < Soil pH < 6.8) = Ideal Soil pH for Nutrient Availability (“Nutrient Cycling”)

(6.3 < Soil pH < 6.8) = Ideal Soil pH for Active/Diverse Microbial Populations (“Nutrient Cycling”)

↑ Soil CEC = ↓Cation Leaching (e.g. K, Mg) (Ketterings, Reid, & Rao, 2007)

Slow Pyrolysis chars produced in presence of steam tend to be acidic (carboxylic acid groups activated) (Amonette, Harvesting Clean Energy 9, 2009)

Fast Pyrolysis chars produced in absence of steam tend to be very basic and make good liming agents (Amonette, Harvesting Clean Energy 9, 2009)

Biochar N from original biomass, however, may not be readily available (Amonette, Harvesting Clean Energy 9, 2009)

Biochar P is generally retained and available (Amonette, Harvesting Clean Energy 9, 2009)

References (Bear's 2008 Biochar Talk)

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• Base Saturation Basics. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crop/field/news/croptalk/2004/ct_0604a11.htm.
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• Steiner, C. (2006, November 26). Slash and Char as Alternative to Slash and Burn . Universitat Bayreuth. Retrieved from http://www.biochar.org/joomla/images/stories/SteinerPhDSummary.pdf.
• Steiner, C., Teixeira, W., Lehmann, J., Nehls, T., de Macêdo, J., Blum, W., et al. (2007). Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1), 275-290. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9193-9.
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• Yoshizawa, S., Tanaka, S., & Omori, T. (2007). Preservation of Woods in Forest Acid Soil by Addition of Biomass Charcoal . In . Terrigal, New South Wales, Australia : International Agrichar Initiative.
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